Main articles: Pidgin, Mixed language, and Creole language It is easy to see how a word can diffuse from one language to another, but it is not as obvious how more basic features can do the same even if the latter phenomenon is common. English has a few phrases, adapted from French, in which the adjective follows the noun: court-martial, attorney-general, Lake Superior. Newar has also absorbed grammatical features like verb tenses.Īlso, Romanian was influenced by the Slavic languages that were spoken by neighbouring tribes in the centuries after the fall of the Roman Empire in vocabulary but even phonology. Newar, for example, spoken in Nepal, is a Sino-Tibetan language distantly related to Chinese but has had so many centuries of contact with neighbouring Indo-Iranian languages that it has even developed noun inflection, a trait that is typical of the Indo-European family but rare in Sino-Tibetan. The influence can go deeper, extending to the exchange of even basic characteristics of a language such as morphology and grammar. Armenian borrowed so many words from Iranian languages, for example, that it was at first considered a divergent branch of the Indo-Iranian languages and was not recognised as an independent branch of the Indo-European languages for many decades. Some languages have borrowed so much that they have become scarcely recognisable. The large-scale importation of words from Latin, French and other languages into English in the 16th and the 17th centuries was more significant. Much is made about the contemporary borrowing of English words into other languages, but this phenomenon is not new, and it is not very large by historical standards. The most common way that languages influence each other is the exchange of words. Multilingualism has likely been common throughout much of human history, and today most people in the world are multilingual. In many other cases, contact between speakers occurs but the lasting effects on the language are less visible they may, however, include loan words, calques or other types of borrowed material.
The common products include pidgins, creoles, code-switching, and mixed languages. Language contact occurs in a variety of phenomena, including language convergence, borrowing and relexification. Language contact can occur at language borders, between adstratum languages, or as the result of migration, with an intrusive language acting as either a superstratum or a substratum. When speakers of different languages interact closely, it is typical for their languages to influence each other. The study of language contact is called contact linguistics. Language contact occurs when speakers of two or more languages or varieties interact and influence each other. Sociolinguistic process influencing language evolution
0 kommentar(er)
